HowTo DHCP your Linux machine

Dear IsmailiaLUG members,

Secondly this article is about the DHCP server

Sure first you should to have the DHCP server in your Linux box
If you don't have it ,Use yum command to get it from the repository
other wise Download the source code ,extract it and then use ./configure ,make and make install
Or you simply download rpm from http://freshrpms.net/ or http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/

First i'l like to give you a background about What is DHCP SERVER
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration information subnetmask, broadcast address, GateWay etc to computers on a network
A DHCP client send a broadcast request to the DHCP server requesting an address

DHCP assignment:

1. Lease Request: Client broadcasts request to DHCP server with a source address of 0.0.0.0 and a destination address of 255.255.255.255. The request includes the MAC address which is used to direct the reply.
2. IP lease offer: DHCP server replies with an IP address, subnet mask, network gateway, name of the domain, name servers, duration of the lease and the IP address of the DHCP server.
3. Lease Selection: Client receives offer and broadcasts to al DHCP servers that will accept given offer so that other DHCP server need not make an offer.
4. The DHCP server then sends an ack to the client. The client is configured to use TCP/IP.
5. Lease Renewal: When half of the lease time has expired, the client will issue a new request to the DHCP server.

Note:
You should to be root to configure and run DHCP server
You Should to have this information
Ethernet ID (eth0 ,eth1,eth2,etc)
IP address ( Server Ip address that connected to the LAN )
Ethernet MAC address ( 00:00:00:0D:11:D4 )

You can know this information as following :
You will know all this information by using this command ( ifconfig -a )

The Magical file here named as " dhcpd.conf "
All work will be with this file " dhcpd.conf " ---> /etc/dhcpd.conf
You can before we start working with dhcpd.conf you can check a sample start up script for the DHCP server.
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.X/dhcpd.conf.sample
This file have every thing about DHCP configuration
We can do a tip ,
for easy configuration the file we can copy the sample file to /etc/dhcpd.conf
Using the following command
cp -f /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.X/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcpd.conf
then open and modify the /etc/dhcpd.conf this will be easiest to configure
To run DHCP server it's so sample but you should to have background about networking specially ip range

lets start explain what inside the /etc/dhcpd.conf file and how to understand the file
The script will be written as follow

The ddns-update-style parameter
ddns-update-style style;
The style parameter must be one of ad-hoc, interim or none.
The ddns-update-style statement is only meaningful in the outer scope it is evaluated once after reading the dhcpd.conf file,
rather than each time a client is assigned an IP address, so there is no way to use different DNS update styles for different clients.


ddns-update-style none;
ddns-updates off;
option T150 code 150 = string;
deny client-updates;
one-lease-per-client false;
allow bootp;


subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.254; # Range of IP addresses to be issued to DHCP clients
interface eth1; #Assign the ethernet eth1 to be the ethernet who connected to LAN
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # Default subnet mask to be used by DHCP clients
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; # Default broadcast address to be used by DHCP clients

option routers 192.168.1.1; # Default gateway to be used by DHCP clients
option domain-name "your-domain.org"; #Here to assign a domain name if you have
option domain-name-servers 40.175.42.254, 40.175.42.253; # Default DNS to be used by DHCP clients
option netbios-name-servers 192.168.1.100; # Specify a WINS server for MS/Windows clients.
# (Optional. Specify if used on your network)

# DHCP requests are not forwarded. Applies when there is more than one ethernet device and forwarding is configured.
# option ipforwarding off;

default-lease-time 21600; # Amount of time in seconds that a client may keep the IP address
max-lease-time 43200;

option time-offset -18000; # Eastern Standard Time
# option ntp-servers 192.168.1.1; # Default NTP server to be used by DHCP clients
# option netbios-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
# --- Selects point-to-point node (default is hybrid). Don't change this unless you understand Netbios very well
# option netbios-node-type 2;

# Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
# have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
log-facility local7;

# We want the nameserver "ns1" to appear at a fixed address.
# Name server with this specified MAC address will receive this IP.

host ns1 {
next-server ns2.your-domain.com;
hardware ethernet 00:02:c3:d0:e5:83;
fixed-address 40.175.42.254;
}

# Laser printer obtains IP address via DHCP. This assures that the
# printer with this MAC address will get this IP address every time.

host wkstn1 {
hardware ethernet 00:00:00:0D:11:D4;
fixed-address 192.168.1.1;
}
}

---------------
Each bit of information a DHCP server leases to a client is known as an "option."
Some options are considered to be "global," meaning that each DHCP client in the local network will receive that option as part of their lease.
Some options are should to be in the same ip range such as subnet.
subnet 192.168.1.0
For example, the option for the IP address of the default gateway Shold to be as ip range in the local network
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255;
option routers 192.168.1.1;
as a default gateway must live on the same subnet as the client.
the options are considered to be "global,"
option domain-name-servers 40.175.42.254, 40.175.42.253;
as every computer in the network will share the same domain name and will use the same DNS servers.
option domain-name "your-domain.org";

Some DHCP client software requests a lease time.
the server will assign the lease with the
default-lease-time 21600;
But only up to the
max-lease-time 43200;
Both values are in seconds.

This option allow DHCP server to write all of its logging events to the system log file, or /var/log/messages.
log-facility local7;
local7 refers to a locally defined log file


Now we get to the meat of this file, the "subnet declarations." A DHCP server needs to know which network or subnet IDs your network contains.
Additionally, for each network or subnet, it needs to know which "pool" of addresses it is allowed to lease out to the devices on that segment of the network.
It is helpful to sketch out your network ahead of time, so you know which addresses are available for DHCP clients and which addresses are unavailable because they are already statically assigned.
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
}

But here we have a case if we needn't to write all of that
We here have a minimum script to run your DHCP server as well as you need

ddns-update-style none;
ddns-updates off;
option T150 code 150 = string;
deny client-updates;
one-lease-per-client false;
allow bootp;

lease-file-name "/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases";
authoritative;

default-lease-time 86400; # 24 hours
max-lease-time 172800; # 48 hours

host wkstn1 {
hardware ethernet 00:00:00:0D:11:D4;
fixed-address 172.1.1.5;
}
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
interface eth1;
range 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.254;
option routers 192.168.1.100;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.2 , 192.168.1.1;
}


Hope i success to share my information as well
Please if you have any note about my article You can welcome asking me
Note: all this configuration is based of Fedora
references
http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/bsd/2003/05/01/FreeBSD_Basics.html?page=1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhcp
http://www.dhcp.org/
http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/DHCP-Server.html

Thank you
Sherif Sayed

HowTo Gateway your Linux machine

Dear IsmailiaLUG,

How are you ... ?

At this days i configure a server(Ofcours Fedora)
The services it should to run is (Gateway,DHCP,DNS,Samba,HTTP,Database)
And in the time i configure this services i'll write howto RUN this services

All i just finished of this services is the Gateway
So that let's start with Gateway machine
The target of gateway here is to make your LAN client connect to the Internet throw your machine

First you need two physical Ethernet in your machine
One of them will connect to ISP and the other one will connect to LAN

eth0 #Connect to your LAN
eth1 #connect to Your modem (ISP)

Now your machine connected to ISP throw eth1
And you have your LAN clients connected to you throw eth0

All we need now is FORWARD packets from LAN (eth0) to World wild(ISP) and back throw my machine
This mation can done by iptables because as you see we need to FORWARD packets from eth0 eth1 to and back

Basically we need to have two sets of rules
*Allow outgoing packets from the LAN (via eth0)
*Allow established connections to return

Note:
I'll explain here each rule of gateway only i'll ignore any other cases
The command starts with iptables ,Be careful don't copy the rule line number

# Always accept loop back traffic it's safe
1- iptables -t filter -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT

# Allow established connections, and those not coming from the outside
2- iptables -t filter -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
3- iptables -t filter -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -i ! eth1 -j ACCEPT

1- iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT


# Allow outgoing connections from the LAN side.
2 -iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -j ACCEPT


# Masquerade.
1 - iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth1 -j MASQUERADE


And after you enter this rules in iptables run this commend
/etc/init.d/iptables save
Or
iptables-save

Then run this commend for enable routing.
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

#This's the explain of the iptables commends

iptables -t filter -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
Accept all connections (traffic) come from localhost


iptables -t filter -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
Accept all connection that they status is ESTABLISHED or RELATED
ESTABLISHED and RELATED means the connection requested from my machine and the answer of the request is RELATED or ESTABLISHED connection


iptables -t filter -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -i ! eth1 -j ACCEPT
Accept all NEW connection that not come from eth1

iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -i eth1 -o eth0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
Accept any ESTABLISHED or RELATED connection that come World wild to eth1 and forward it to eth0

iptables -t filter -A FORWARD -i eth0 -o eth1 -j ACCEPT
Accept any connection come from eth0 forwarded to eth1

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth1 -j MASQUERADE
MASQUERADE eth1
Source Network Address is eth1
rewrite the Source address in the header of the packet
Forwarding all packets going out from our local network(eth0) to the World Wild (eth1) of the Internet connection.


Note About masquerade :
masquerade target is used only in POSTROUTING chain in nat table
masquerade target as snat target but with a little difference
to use snat you should to have a static ip address
But with masquerade does not require any ip address
masquerade made for working with dynamic ip address

Note:
The all this configured under Fedora distribution

Some references:
http://iptables-tutorial.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial.html#NATINTRO

http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch-gateway.en.html

http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-networking-3/gateway-problems-on-fedora-c6-533657/

http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/23
---
Please if you need to ask any thing about gateway you can write me back
Wait for me in DHCP
Thank you
Sherif Sayed

iLug Day : feel the freedome

May be this is my first post here but really I'm so happy for this post may be thats because this is our Lug day
Because I'm the last one may talk about Linux due to my little experience with Linux so I'll talk about my small Community of Linux , talk about some persons I think you may not found them a lot in our real world ,they are my lug members ,talking about persons working for the others
they make me feel the real meaning of community , starting from Nasr and shiko ending with Ramy and ahmed soliman the latest Lug members you may see them at last Thursday

Wish to see our small world get wide and wide and I want to tell you that I'm trying to make our first Linux seminar out of Ismailia in El-shorouk ISA may be it is so hard but linux learn me that you must try a lot to arrive

thank you all ,
Nasr, Shiko, Naqib, Khaled, A.Adel, Rahman, Alaa, Ahmed my brother, and all members I may didn't see them till now and of course my dears YASSER and TAHER
and ............ LINUX

Happy new Linux Year, Isamailia LUG Day

Welcome everybody,

Welcome my friends, my linuxmates, my readers, my coworkers, Welcome Every body.

I'm really happy to write this post here on ismailia lug blog, and on Ismailia LUG day, I'll not talk about linux or other related issues, I'll only celebrate, and remember one year of Linux(ing).

In this year I've know lot of friends, meet lot of people and gain lot of experience, I've got the the community work experience, and the clean work on my PC.

Another benefit and the most important one as I think, the friends I've make, kahled, naquib, shrief, nasr, adel, alaa, rahman, taher, yasser, emad (logo composer) ... I think I'll complete the post with my friends form iLUG :D

Linux also help me finding my work career, I'm working as a freelancer developing web applications using LAMP package, and I feel the linux spirit in my work too.

And again linux help me choosing my graduation project, which is "database base visual design tool" which I'll make using NetBeans platform, you can see the project's page HERE.

and today i'm celebrating our LUG day with you and hope you contribute the celebration, and finally

"Linux Change my Life, what about you?!"

Photoshop on ubuntu

I have no Word to Say, I just try it, and it finally Work!
Adobe Photoshop on Linux Ubuntu!Go Ubuntu Go!

Thanks!

Why 'Cython' not 'C' ??!

The title is very similar to Erics Raymond article that made me fall in love with my girl (python)

the article was titled as "Why Python not Perl?"
but i will speak about something different

CYTHON : cython is a language that makes writing C extensions for the
Python language as easy as Python itself.
Yes u can write python code and u know that python is interpetred and
compile it with gcc via cython
you can do that as cython supports calling C functions and declaring C
types on variables and class attributes. This allows the compiler to
generate very efficient C code from Cython code.
i hate c syntax and i love python syntax
but i love being compiled person (by using c that i hate its syntax)
speed of c and power of python in cython
so why we do a tour in cython: i will write a tutorial on it in the blog isa
and it will be also a simple python course

---

resources:
http://cython. org/
http://www.perrygeo .net/wordpress/ ?p=116
http://www.linuxac. org/forum/ showthread. php?t=13388

http://www.dzone. com/links/ create_a_ fast_c_python_ extension_ with_cython_ tuto.html

العدد 4 من مجله مجتمع لينوكس العربي

كالعاده المجله العدد ده مميزه جداً
أنا مش هتكلم علي اللي فيها
بس بجد اللي مش هيقراها هيفوته
كتييييييييرحملها من هنا

Hi Russia, Greet from Egypt

Welcome every body, this post is a Greet for my Russian Readers

Добро пожаловать в блоге о Linux пользователей в Исмаилия, Египет
В самом деле, я написал на эту тему, особенно для моей российских читателей
и я надеюсь написать верно русского языка
Я использую "google Переводчик", чтобы получить русский перевод этой теме с тем, если существует какой-либо ошибки, пожалуйста, прости этого.

"Исмаилия LUG" (iLUG) является обычной группой пользователей помогают нам в качестве членов его использовать linux, наиболее известным открытым исходным кодом операционной системы,
Идея блога поступает из старых идея объединить людей, и если орган не проблема, он просит, и другие которые знают решения него ответить,
так что, если много людей принять истинное решение, это решение должно быть опубликовано тем другие пользователи могут его использовать.

это Приглашение для всех вас, чтобы добавить наш блог в избранное,
и надеюсь, что мы полезны для вас,

Спасибо

---

this is the original Text in English

Welcome to the blog of Linux users in Ismailia, Egypt
In fact, I wrote in this topic, especially to my Russian Readers
and I hope to write true Russian language
I use "google Translator" to get the Russian Translation of this topic so, if there is any mistakes please forgive this.

"Ismailia LUG" (iLUG) is a normal linux Users Group help us as members in it to use linux, the most famous open source operating system,
the Idea of the blog comes from an old Idea to combine people and if any body has a problem, he asks and the other who know the solution answer it,
so if lot of peoples accept true solution, this solution should be published so the others can use it.

this is an Invitation for all you to add our blog to your favorites,
and hope we are useful for you,

Thanks

;) I like the Idea too much and hope you too

Run RM Files on Linux

a very common music files format is .rm files,
on linux, .rm files need special handling which not provided with 'ubuntu' by default (I don't know about other distros)

I've found 'RealPlayer' Music Player version for linux provided by Helix , and here, I'll guide you to Install it on Your Ubuntu Machine.

Installing RealPlayer :
1. Download (RealPlayer 11) from this page http://www.real.com/linux
it will download a .bin file (never mind)
2. After download, from bash, log in as system root (I prefer this way) and run the .bin file.
-> su - (optional but prefered)
> enter toor password
-> cd /home//Desktop
-> ./RealPlayer11GOLD.bin
3. then the installation will begin and ask you about the setup location,
I myself have installed it on /etc/Real , you can change the destination or make like me,


Note, Fedora and openSuse users can download the .rpm file from the same page

Hope I help someone

Salam

Ubuntu DVD as Repositories Source

few days ago I've Upgraded my 'ubuntu Gutsy' to new 'ubuntu Heron' form DVD,
but I face a problem that the system ask me to insert the DVD when I install some applications,
unfortunately my DVD lost and I've no way install my Application without it, But There was a solution I've know just now.
and that is it:

------- FROM bash ----------------
1. su - (to login as adminstrator, you will need to have root password)
2. nano /etc/apt/sources.list
3. Find the Line with "deb cdrom:[<Distro Desc>]"
if this line commented, then you currently not use the DVD as Repositories Source

(In My Case, It wasn't commented, so I add '#' before it to disable DVD as Source)

------- FROM Synaptic ---------------
1. Setting => Repositories
2. from tab "Ubuntu Software" you can Select the CD-DVD listed in the lower box to Enable the Use of CD-DVD as repository source and press close
3. Press 'Ctrl+R' to reload the packages Information and apply you changes

Hope this help you , and Thanks Naquip

ubuntu Hardy born :)

Hello people,
today is ( 24 April 2008 )
ubuntu Hardy released today : All ubuntus can upgrade from the upgrade manager by clicking the Upgrade button

Second; I want to review some new features in ubuntu Hardy, the new child :)

you can see full of the new features on this page:
http://www.ubuntu.com/testing/804rc

let's begin
1- GNOME 2.22

gnome 2.22.1 is herewith lots of new features and improvements:
- version of the Nautilus file manager,
- an international clock applet that can show time and weather information,

2- Linux kernel 2.6.24

3- PolicyKit

PolicyKit allows fine-grained control over user permissions and enhances usability and security,
Again more control on ubuntu

4- Xorg 7.3
new Screen Resolution utility that allows users to dynamically configure the resolution, this will fix my old problem, shiko ;)

With set of new applications:
- Fire Fox 3.0 Beta
- Brasero
- Transmission
- World Clock Applet
- Vinagre
- Inkscape.

And UnInstall :O

and alot.

Hardy is great. Use it
Download Here

Control network speed

we can control the speed of the the enthernet card by using the " ethtool "
which allow us to configure Ethernet card on Fedora :)

common options

-s  ---> allows changing some or all settings of the specified Ethernet device. All following options only apply if -s was specified.

speed 10|100|1000 ---> Set speed in Mb/s. ethtool with single argument will show you the supported device speeds.

duplex half|full --> Set full or half duplex mode.

port tp|aui|bnc|mii ---> Select device port.

autoneg on|off ---> Specify if autonegotiation is enabled.

In the usual case it is, but might cause some problems with some network devices, so you can turn it off.

Example :

# ethtool -s eth0 speed 100 duplex full autoneg off

--
Thanks
Mohamed Nasr

Linux Arab Community Magazine Vol. 2

The Second Volume of this Magazine is released,
this Issue is really Great and they have fix some Problems that was in the first one.

You can Download it from Here

Running Photoshop Under Linux

You can find the full article by press the title of this Post
--------------------------------------------------------

Regards to Ahmed 3adel, WINE and Google :)

Running Adobe Photoshop on Wine

Photoshop 5 through CS2 install and works pretty well on wine! Here are some tips you'll need to run it successfully:

• * You shouldn't have to copy Photoshop from Windows; just install it under Wine by running its Setup.exe. (To run a .exe under wine, you have to doubleclick it, right click and choose "Run with Wine", or run it from the commandline using the 'wine' command, depending on how your Linux distribution integrates Wine.)
• * Never use a cracked version of Photoshop.
• * Never run Wine as root.
• * Use a recent version of Wine (0.9.54 or later).

• * Before installing Photoshop, install the Times32 font by downloading and running http://heanet.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/corefonts/times32.exe

• * The Clone tool uses the ALT key in a way that conflicts with many window managers. Here's how to fix that:
  • - Ubuntu or Fedora: Go to System → Preferences → Windows, and under Movement Key, pick "Super" instead of "Alt".
  • - Kubuntu: Go to the K Menu → System Settings → Look and Feel → Windows, and under Movement Key, pick "Super" instead of "Alt".
  • - Suse with GNOME: Go to Computer → Control Center → Look and Feel → Windows, and under Movement Key, pick "Super" instead of "Alt".

  • - Suse with KDE: Go to the Gecko menu → Favorites → Configure Desktop → Desktop → Window behavior → Window Actions → "Inner Window, Titlebar & Frame", and pick "Meta" instead of "Alt".

• * Some UI elements might use a too-small font. In CS2, you can fix this with Edit / Preferences / General, and change UI Font Size from Small to Medium.

More "HowTo" available on the Page
here

ورقة العمل

السيد الاستاد \ الثقافة بالاسماعيلية

تحية طيبة وبعد

مقدمة لسيادتكم \ مجموعة مستخدمي لينكس و البرامج الحره

وهى رابطة مكونة من ابناء محافظة الاسماعيلية تهدف الى نشر ثقافة البرامج الحره و المفتوحة المصدر والاهتمام بقضايا علوم الحاسب ونشر البحث بلأرتقاء بهدى المنظومة العلمية والوصول الى اكبر استفادة منها وذلك لخدمة المجتمع عامة والمجتمع الاسماعيلي خاصة

لذا نرجوا من سيادتكم الموافقه على اعطائنا التصريح الخاص بمزاولة هذا النشاط الجديد و تسهيل تطبيق برنامجنا و الذي يتضمن :-

1ـ دعم فنى للشركات المستخدمة لتكنولوجيا الحاسب وذلك بدون اجر ودون اى التزمات منا

2ـ دعم تاريخ التخرج للدارسين فى مجالات الحاسب الالى

3ـ تنظيم مهرجان تنصيب لينوكس

4ـ محاضرات علمية للمبتدئين لتنمية قدراتهم

5ـ تقديم دعم فنى علمى

6ـتنسيق التعاون مع المجتماعات الأخرى و تبادل الخبرات

7- تطوير البرامج المفتوحة المصدر

اللهم لا شماته

الخبر ده منشور في بي بي سي:

تحذر مايكروسوفت مستخدمي نظام ويندوز فيستا من أن تحديثا لهذا النظام يحمل اسم سيرفس باك 1 سيعطل ثلث برامجه الحالية.

ونشرت الشركة الأمريكية العملاقة لتطوير البرمجيات، قائمة بالبرامج التي ستعطلها الطبعة الحديثة من نظام فيستا.

ويبلغ عدد هذه البرامج 12،

بعضها سيتوقف عن العمل بسبب التحديث، والبعض الآخر سيفقد الكثير من خاصياته، فيما سيمنع التحديث البعض الآخر.

ولوحظ أن معظم البرامج التي ستُعطل هي البرامج المخصصة لحماية مستخدمي ويندوز من كافة الفيروسات الإلكترونية. فستة منها تقف سدا أمام الفيروسات وتراقب مواقع الإنترنيت التي يتصفحها المستخدم.

وقالت الشركة إن هذه اللائحة غير شاملة، وطلبت من المستخدمين الاتصال بمعد كل برنامج معطَل لمحاولة إيجاد حل.

يعد من أكبر عمليات تحديث تجريها مايكروسوفت على أنظمة الاستخدام الجارية؛ وإن الهدف هو توفير نظام فيستا أكثر أمانا.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

الخبر موثق علي العنوان ده

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/sci_tech/newsid_7260000/7260261.stm

yum basics

The main syntax is :
yum [options] [command] [package ...]

To use yum, become root, and then you can use the following commands:

To see a list of available software:
yum list available

To install some software, you type:
yum install packagename

To update some software, you type:
yum update packagename

NOTE :If you leave out "packagename" yum will update all your software.

To see what updates are available, you can do:
yum check-update

To search for a package, you can do:
yum search word

To remove package already installed, you type:
yum remove packagename
or yum erase packagename

To list information about available packages or spsific Package.
yum list packagename
or yum list packagename*
or yum list word*


[OPTIONS]

-h, --help
Help; display a help message and then quit.

-y
Assume yes; assume that the answer to any question which would be asked is yes.
Configuration Option: assume-yes

-q, --quiet
Run without output. Note that you likely also want to use -y.

-v, --verbose
Run with a lot of debugging output.

--
Thanks
Your's Sincerely
Mohamed Nasr

لغة برمجه عربيه 100 %

الموضوع ده قريته في منتدي الحاسبات

و الموضوع استغربته في البدايه لحد ما شفت و محدش قالي!

اللغه كما يقول صانعوها عربيه من الصميم و ليست مبنيه علي لغه اخريبحيث تتم الترجمه
بس في مشكله فيها ان المصممين رافضين انها تكون مفتوحه المصدر في الوقت الحالي

بس هما بيقولوا ان الموضوع مطروح في المستقبل

المشكله التانيه انها لا تعمل علي نظام لينكس في الوقت الحالي
و أنا اقترحت انهم ممكن يلجأوا الي مجموعه مستخدمي لينكس اللي عندهم في سوريا

ممكن تزوروا الموع الخاص باللغه بالضغط علي عنوان الموضوع فوق

اتمني انها تحوز اعجابكم زي ما عجبتني

سلام

The First Issue of Linux Arab Community

The Magazine Released in Arabic
The Magazine Released in Arabic Language and You can Download it From link Below.

Note that the Magazine is Released by Linux users that R not Professionals, So you may found mistakes


Download Here!

Very Useful Site For Linux Beginners

Welcome Every Body,
Here is a very Useful Site help Beginners to Choose the Best Fit Distro for Them

http://www.zegeniestudios.net/ldc/

the Site Ask You Some Questions then Suggest set of Disrtos that fit your case then choose random other distros that likly to fit

The Site is very Useful and Also Good Application for our web developers!

Review it
SalaM!

لينكس الشامل : الباب الاول

الباب الاول : المقدمه الي لينكس
يتكون هذا الباب من خمسه فصول استعرض فيها المؤلف المقدمه لهذا العالم العجيب
عالم جنو/ لينكس
بدأ الفصل الاول بحديث عن الملكيه الفكريهو كيف ان مبدأ لينكس هو حريه التفكير, كما بيَن ان الالفلسفة القائله ان الملكيه الفكريه تحفز الابداع كما استعرض الفلسفة الاخري القائله ان الابداع و الخيال و الملكيه الفكريه هي امور لا يمكن تفريقها ليكونا كيان المبدع الحالي كما ناقش حسب رأيه استفدات قطاع الصناعه من نظام مثل لينكس و انه يعمل علي التطوير من خلال فتح الافق و الغاء احتكار التفكير علي الكيانات التجاريه العالميه و التي تسعي ليس لشئ سوي الربح
و في نهايه هذا الجزء الفلسفي و الفلسفات المغالطة لنظام "جنو"

وفي رأيي الشخصي أن المؤلف هنا قد استطرد في الحديث بعيد عن المجال التقني لموضوع الكتاب, و هذا لا يعاب عليه انما اضيف هذا الجزء للقارئ كي يلم بهذه المعلومات التي قد لا تفيد علي المستوي التقني الذي قد ينشده القارئ.

و أخيراً ينتهي الفصل الي نتيجه أن:
"جنو تهدف الي: لا نريد ملكيه فكريه ولا مالكين لحقوق النسخ"

الفصل الثاني: ما هو نظام لينكس؟؟
يستهل السعدي هذا الفصل بتعريف الهاكرز "hackers"
و يفرق بينهم و بين كراكر حيث يصف يصف الهاكرز بأنهم اسخاص خارقوا الذكاء منهم من احترف الرياضيات او كانت هوايته كتابه الاكواد فكان قادراً علي حل المشكلات الصعبه لذا سمي بخارق.
بينما الكراكر هو السارق المخرب
و أن الالتباس الواقع هنا لابد من تصحيحه.

يأتي بعدها بتعريف نظام التشغيل العجوز يونكس و حركه البرمجيات الحرة و جنو
و كيف بدأ لينوس ترافولدز بتطوير لينكس منذ عام 1991 حتي اصداره عام 1994 و كيف تم تطوير النظم حتي وصل لما هو عليه الان
يلي هذا ذكر المميزات التي يتمتع بها لينكس و الادوات المرافقه له و مقارنه بين أنظمه لينكس و يونكس


الفصل الثالث : الصدمه التكنولوجيه

يأتي الفصل الثالث هو الاخر مكملاً للنظريه الخاصة بأنظمه لينكس و قد استطرد في السعد حيث تحدث عن ما اسماه "الصدمه التكنولوجيه "و كما يقول المؤلف: نحضرك للصدمه قبل دخول بلاد العجائب
و يناقش كيف استطاع اللينكس الدمج بين عالمين هما هما عالم الاجهزة الكبيرة و الانظمه الضخمه بالاضافه لعالم مستخدمي لينكس العاديين ووضح ان هذا العملاق الصغير استطاع ان يوفر بيئه مشابهه لبيئه يونكس لكنها رخيصة جداً عن يونكس العجوز
و استشهد بهذا ما حدث من وكاله الامن القومي الامريكي التي تحولت ﻷستخدام لينكس في الوقت الحالي.

الفصل الرابع :اختيار توزيعه لينكس

يبدأ السعدي في هذا الفصل اولي الخطوات العمليه الي لينكس و هو اختيلر التوزيعه
و التوزيعه هي ذوق خاص لكل فرد له حريه الاختيار حسب الذوق.
و قد صنف التوزيعات كما يلي:
1- التوزيعات العربيه
2- التوزيعات الرئيسه
3- التوزيعات الموجهه للخبراء
4- التوزيعات المباشرة (لايف)
5- أدوات الأدوات البناء و التوزيعات المصدريه
6- توزيعات الاهداف الخاصه


الفصل الخامس : تنصيب لينكس

بعد اختيار التوزيعه يأتي الدور علي تركيب النسخه. و قد استعرض طريقه التركيب عموماً ﻷي توزيعه
ثم يتخصص بتنصيب التوزيعات الرئيسه و هي
Mandrake, RedHat, Debian, Slackware

و أخيراً معلومات يمكن الاستعانه بها اذا واجهتك أي مشكله اثناء التركيب
ثم فصل التمارين.

أتمني أن أكون قد قدمت تلخيص للمقدمه و الباب الاول
استودعكم الله و الي لقاء في المقال التالي.